| Henry's Protestant son, King Edward VI,
died when he was only sixteen. After an unsuccessful attempt by Northumberland
to usurp the throne for his daughter in law, Lady Jane Grey, Henry VIII's
eldest daughter, Mary, became Queen. Mary was a devoted Catholic, and from
the outset of her reign, she was determined to restore the Catholic faith
in England. This had been widely suspected, and it was this knowledge that
was a large factor in Northumberland's schemes. The restoration of the
Catholic faith also worried a significant proportion of the nobility. Many
families had become wealthy as a result of the Reformation, having gained
land from the dissolved monasteries, convents and friaries. The Protestant
faith had also secularized certain aspects of local government, and the
officials had no desire to lose their influence and prestige to the church.
However, the majority of the common people were probably still Catholic,
and there was by no means a lack of enthusiasm for the return of their
old and familiar faith. Mary has been known in history as "Bloody Mary"
because of her persecution of Protestants, but in 1553, persecution was
not something she anticipated. Initially her reign was tolerant. Perhaps
she believed that the people were longing so much for the return of her
beloved faith that she would have no need to persecute, but time shattered
her belief.
Mary replaced the Protestant clergy with
Catholics, imprisoning prominent Protestants such as Cranmer, Latimer and
Ridley. The Parliament of 1553 repealed most of the Protestant legislation
of her brother, including the two Prayer books, Acts of Uniformity, the
marriage of the clergy, and the Forty-two Articles. This did not occur
without some dispute, and there was opposition over the government's attempt
to punish those that refused to attend Catholic worship. The Act of Supremacy
was later annulled, and in November 1554, absolution was granted to the
whole realm by Cardinal Pole, the Pope's legate in England, and the country
was restored to Papal obedience. Anti-Lollards acts were passed in Parliament,
and all acts against the Papacy made since 1529 were annulled. Mary hoped
to restore the monasteries, convents and Friars, but this proved more difficult,
and the government had to concede that the lands given out to the nobility
during the years of change, remained theirs. Seminaries were established
to train priests. Protestant books were replaced with Catholic ones, there
was an attempt to restore statues and paintings in churches, as well as
the altar and the great crucifixes that had also been removed, and the
vestments worn by the clergy.
In 1555, the persecution of Protestants
began. Those who refused to adhere to the Catholic form of worship were
to be burnt to death as heretics. It was this above all else - even the
Queen's marriage to Philip II - that made the first Tudor Queen so unpopular.
Mary appears to have been the driving force in the persecution, believing
that the more people she burnt for heresy, the more favor she would receive
from God. Mary desperately wanted a baby, and when she failed to have one,
she saw this as a sign from God that she was being too tolerant of Protestantism,
and the result was more burnings. Some of her advisors were aware of the
damage her policy was causing her and her government, but Mary was persistent.
Some three hundred people were burnt to death between 1555 and 1558. Most
of the people were Londoners, but there were also burnings in Kent, Essex,
Sussex and Suffolk. Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley were also burnt for heresy,
and other lesser clergy. Many people were horrified, especially when a
pregnant woman was burnt to death. In these years, Elizabeth became increasingly
popular, and a poem was later dedicated to her:
"When these with violence were burnt
to death,
We prayed to God for our Elizabeth."
Burning for heresy was a well established
custom in the country - no one disputed it, and a small number of heretics
were also burnt in Elizabeth's reign, but the objection under Mary was
the definition of heresy. Protestantism had a strong following in the country,
and it was accepted by many as a legitimate form of Christian worship,
and not at all heretical.
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